Is there a relationship between smoking and alcohol abuse?

Explanation:

Heavy drinkers tend to be heavy smokers. Drinking appears to prompt smoking in real-life situations; whether smoking prompts drinking is uncertain. Alcohol-tobacco interactions are particularly important during attempts to achieve or maintain abstinence from either drug. Studies suggest that alcoholics who quit smoking are more likely to succeed in alcoholism treatment. However, data consistently demonstrate that alcohol consumption may precipitate smoking relapse.

Alcohol and tobacco seem to go together: Drinkers smoke and smokers drink. In addition, heavier drinkers tend to be heavier smokers. Use of alcohol and tobacco may be related in two ways. First, people who drink may also smoke (and vice versa); this is referred to as the between-person interaction. Second, people who use both drugs may use them together in the same situations. This is referred to as the situational interaction. Between-person and situational relationships are independent of each other: Each can theoretically occur without the other, and each can be explained by different potential mechanisms.

This article briefly reviews the nature of the relationships between drinking and smoking and examines their effect on alcoholism treatment and smoking cessation. Studies on smoking and drinking have been conducted with reference to three stages of drug use: (1) initiation (i.e., initial exposure to and use of a drug), (2) maintenance (i.e., ongoing use of a drug), and (3) cessation (i.e., addiction treatment or efforts to achieve and maintain abstinence). This article considers only the maintenance and cessation stages. Furthermore, it is not an exhaustive review of the literature but rather an illustration of some key issues.

Alcohol-tobacco interactions are prominent in the maintenance phase of addiction. Most smokers (i.e., 86 percent) drink alcohol, and smokers are 1.32 times more likely to drink than are non-smokers (Friedman et al. 1974). This relationship holds for both men and women but is slightly stronger among women.

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    i got this from a website called shmoop. i will give you a link and i will show you half of it. hope it : )

explanation:

mrs. mallard has a heart condition, which means that if she's startled she could die. so, when news comes that her husband's been killed in an accident, the people who tell her have to cushion the blow.

mrs. mallard's sister josephine sits down with her and dances around the truth until mrs. mallard finally understands what happened. the deceased mr. mallard's friend, richards, hangs out with them for moral support.

richards originally found out because he had been in the newspaper headquarters when a report of the accident that killed mr. mallard, which happened on a train, came through. richards waited for proof from a second source before going to the mallards' to share the news.

when mrs. mallard finds out what happened she acts differently from most women in the same position, who might disbelieve it. she cries passionately before deciding to go to her room to be by herself.

in her room, mrs. mallard sits down on a comfy chair and feels completely depleted. she looks out the window and looks out at a world that seems alive and fresh. she can see the sky coming between the rain clouds.

mrs. mallard sits still, occasionally crying briefly like a kid might.

the narrator describes her as youthful and pretty, but because of this news she looks preoccupied and absent.

she seems to be holding out for some kind of unknown news or knowledge, which she can tell is approaching.

mrs. mallard breathes heavily and tries to resist before succumbing to this unknown thing, which is a feeling of freedom.

acknowledging freedom makes her revive, and she doesn't consider whether she should feel bad about it.

mrs. mallard thinks to herself about how she'll cry when she sees her husband's dead body and how much he loved her. even so, she's kind of excited about the chance to make her own decisions and not feel accountable to anyone.

mrs. mallard feels even more swept up by the idea of freedom than the fact that she had felt love for her husband.

here is the link:

yes

explanation: