In which sentence does the underlined noun clause contain an introductory word that has no function within the clause?

a frenzy of interest was caused by whoever found gold in bonanza creek.

often, their only possessions were whatever they could carry on their backs.

the miners believed that they could find gold quickly.

john bell chose which tributary to explore.

"and these i address to all females that would be married, or are already so; not that i suppose their sex more faulty than the other, and most to want advice, for i assure [women], upon my honour, i believe the quite contrary; but the reason is, because i esteem them better disposed to receive and practice it, and therefore am willing to begin, where i may promise myself the best success." this statement from franklin's "rules and maxims for promoting matrimonial happiness" best demonstrates his use of criticism to argue his point his use of common sense to appeal to women his use of flattery to gain women's attention his use of facts to prove his point

Who is ¨ the guilty party¨ at the end of the text, and how do his actions contribute to the storys theme?

Read the hypothesis below and answer the question that follows. playing video games will improve individual spatial skills. what is the dependent variable in the experiment? a. playing video games b. type of subjects c. type of video game d. spatial skills