A. S. is a 70-year-old white woman who presented to the emergency department because of a 4-day history of increased shortness of breath and generalized weakness. A. S. stated that she has been able to do her daily chores at home independently, but for the past few days, it was getting difficult for her to get around and that she needed to take frequent breaks because she was short of breath and had no energy. She has a long history of heart failure, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. She is admitted with a tentative diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Required:
What is the most likely cause of A. S.’s AKI?