When the price of a car model tino planned to buy rose he bought a different brand instead. which economic principle does this demonstrate

The substitution effect

Explanation:

Based on the definition of the demand law, that states that when the price goes high, the demand for the product in the market reduces, the substitution effect applies in this case.

Consumers always prefer products worth of their price. So if a particular product shifts in price, consumers are likely to find a substitute of the similar product. Income also had an effect. When the product increases its price, the quantity that consumers purchase decreases and the consumption of expensive product reduces.

i am not 100% positive but i think it is is b. both are non-partisan jobs

i am pretty sure that members of congress have term limits, can be impeached, and are nominated through direct popular vote.

the graph shows the spread of railways in the 1800s.

based on the graph, the conclusion that can be drawn about germany is answer d)   by 1880, germany had more rail lines than great britain and russia.