Why did european leaders start to introduce social reforms at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries?

european leaders sincerely wanted to improve the lives of their citizens.

labor union members were being elected to legislatures in large numbers.

communist parties yielded great power by the turn of the century.

they feared the rise of socialism as a threat to their power.

first industrial revolution - the first wave of the industrial revolution lasted from the late 1700s to the mid-1800s. it industrialized the manufacture of textiles and began the move of production from homes to factories. steam power and the cotton gin played an important role in this period.

a social contract.

"a social contract is an agreement between citizens and their leader where the citizens give up certain freedoms in exchange for protection. the constitution of the united states is an example of a social contract."

thurgood marshall

explanation: in 1954, thurgood marshall and a team of naacp attorneys won brown v. board of education of topeka, kansas. in this landmark decision, the supreme court held that segregation in public education violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment.

equal area projections

equal-area projection. a projection in which regions on the earth's surface that are of equal area are represented as equal.