When European nations established colonies in Africa in the late 1800s, they

controlled colonies’ government but gave colonies economic control.
allowed colonies to run their government but held economic control.
exercised complete economic and political control over the colonies.
negotiated with colonies to determine economic and political control.

Explanation:

They set up Imperial governments in the land to  exploit the natural and human resources of the continent.  

Each European  countries involved  aimed to increase its prestige  by accumulating territories in other parts of the world including Africa. By 1900,the Berlin conference to divide Africa brought about nominal control of African territory by Europe. All this was done without the consent of African people.

The European nations basically want cheap labors that they cannot get from their own country..so in search of cheap labors they set up a base at south Africa and stated deporting slaves..

The European nations sought to expand their economies  by obtaining raw materials from Africa which could be transported back to domestic factories and turned into manufactured goods for sale at the expense of the African people.

among the options given on the question the correct answer is option d.

tan winces when she describes her mother’s english as “broken.”

explanation: the excerpt is from "mother tongue" is an essay by amy tan. the purpose of writing this essay was describe the challenging situation of someone who was raised in a family where the parents could not speak proper english and the influence of the situation.people also could judge the individual for the poor english.

however, amy tan described the english of her mother as broken according to the other people. but every time, she referred as broken she winced. because, she began to understand the world with her mother's english.she could understand her mother's english.

therefore, tan winces when she describes her mother’s english as “broken.”

mustafa ataturk thought nationalism in turkey would best be achieved by modernizing the country.