The Battles of Okinawa and Iwo Jima were for the U. S.A., but they showed how conquering Japan would be.

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to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.

they lost control of territory in the middle east, but preserved turkey's political independence.