The phrase double government refers to the 1. idea that bureaucrats may continue to pursue policies of their own preference outside of political or democratic control. 4. fact that private companies provide many of the same services that government agencies do. 2. notion that government requires twice as much time and twice as much money as private companies to accomplish the same goals. 3. system in which both state governments and the federal government perform the same duties.

1. international: struggle for hegemony and empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state

2. political conflict: conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.

3. the enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in montequieu’s spirit of the laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in rousseau’s social contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the literary underground of “grub street; ” the broadening influence of public opinion.

4. social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie

5. ineffective ruler: louis xvi

6. economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

an expansion is one of two basic business cycle phases; the other is contraction. the transition from expansion to contraction is a peak, and the changeover from contraction to expansion is a trough.

the answer to your question is ( syngman rhee) have a great day

mustafa ataturk thought nationalism in turkey would best be achieved by modernizing the country.