Which has been a direct effect of nationalism in europe?

a.) the creation of many multiethnic states.
b.) the split of the german empire.
c.) the split of the austro-hungarian empire.
d.) the massive spread of the french language.

what led directly to separatist movements in eastern europe in the 1990s?

a.) the unification of germany.
b.) the fall of the ottoman empire.
c.) the rise of socialism.
d.) the fall of the communist government in yugoslavia.