Europe's influence spread rapidly throughout the 19th century as it colonized africa and southeast asia. power and wealth were the driving forces in the search for raw materials to send back to european factories to produce manufactured goods. through industrialization and the creation of strong nation-states, europe was able to dominate the colonies and take whatever they needed – raw materials, crops, or cheap labor. many european countries justified their actions by claiming

1. international: struggle for hegemony and empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state

2. political conflict: conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.

3. the enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in montequieu’s spirit of the laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in rousseau’s social contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the literary underground of “grub street; ” the broadening influence of public opinion.

4. social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie

5. ineffective ruler: louis xvi

6. economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

30 and 44 are b

explanation: