Some manufacturers claim that non-hybrid sedan cars have a lower mean miles-per-gallon (mpg) than hybrid ones. Suppose that consumers test 21 hybrid sedans and get a mean of 32 mpg with a standard deviation of 6 mpg. Thirty-one non-hybrid sedans get a mean of 21 mpg with a standard deviation of three mpg. Suppose that the population standard deviations are known to be six and three, respectively. Conduct a hypothesis test at the 5% level to evaluate the manufacturers claim. NOTE: If you are using a Student's t-distribution for the problem, including for paired data, you may assume that the underlying population is normally distributed. (In general, you must first prove that assumption, though.)

There is enough evidence to support the claim of the manufacturers that non-hybrid sedan cars have a lower mean miles-per-gallon (mpg) than hybrid ones.

Step-by-step explanation:

This is a hypothesis test for the difference between populations means.

The claim is that non-hybrid sedan cars have a lower mean miles-per-gallon (mpg) than hybrid ones.

Then, the null and alternative hypothesis are:

The significance level is 0.05.

The sample 1 (hybrid), of size n1=21 has a mean of 32 and a standard deviation of 6.

The sample 2 (non-hybrid), of size n2=31 has a mean of 21 and a standard deviation of 3.

The difference between sample means is Md=11.

The estimated standard error of the difference between means is computed using the formula:

Then, we can calculate the t-statistic as:

The degrees of freedom for this test are:

This test is a right-tailed test, with 50 degrees of freedom and t=7.77, so the P-value for this test is calculated as (using a t-table):

As the P-value is smaller than the significance level (0.05), the effect is significant.

The null hypothesis is rejected.

There is enough evidence to support the claim that non-hybrid sedan cars have a lower mean miles-per-gallon (mpg) than hybrid ones.

d is correct

step-by-step explanation: