We wish to modify the cellular telephone coding system in order to reduce the number of errors. In particular, if there are two or three zeroes in the received sequence of 5 bits, we will say that a deletion (event D) occurs. Otherwise, if at least 4 zeroes are received, then the receiver decides a zero was sent. Similarly, if at least 4 ones are received, then the receiver decides a one was sent. We say that an error occurs if either a one was sent and the receiver decides zero was sent or if a zero was sent and the receiver decides a one was sent. For this modified protocol, what is the probability P[E] of an error? What is the probability P[D] of a deletion?

Solution :

Here, we have 5 trails that corresponds to the 5 times the binary symbol is sent. On each trail, success is said to occur when the binary symbol is received correctly. The probability of a success is p = 1 - q = 0.9 and q = 0.1

Now if the 0 is being transmitted, then the 0 is sent 5 number of times and then we call the decoding a 0 success. Let the repeated transmission are independent. In this case, we have 5 trails. Let each repeated bit the receiver decodes as 1 a success, using the binomial probabilities. We using the to denote an event of successes in the 5 trails, then the probability k are decoded at the receiver is:

Here, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

The probability of the transmitted bit to be decoded correctly is:

         = 0.91854

The probability that the deletion occurs is

         = 0.081

The probability of an error is

         = 0.00046

the central idea is that:

individuals should refuse to cooperate with institutions they believe unjust.

thoreau felt  that governments were more often agents of corruption than justice, even democracies, and that just because the majority feels a certain way does not make it just or correct in absolute terms. he uses the fact that slavery exists in our democracy to support this idea.

he goes on to say that, as a result, people should live true to their own internal laws regarding right and wrong, as a product of reflection and a moral life, rather than following every law that society imposes. 

step-by-step explanation:

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