When talking about variables in a scientific experiment, describe how you know what the independent variable, dependent variable, control and constant are in the experiment. how do you know which one is which?

Explain to someone who knows nothing about fossils the study of invertebrate paleontology and how it scientists understand the history of the earth. be sure your explanation contains a minimum of two complete sentences.

In a thunderstorm, charge builds up on the water droplets or ice crystals in a cloud. thus, the charge can be considered to be distributed uniformly throughout the cloud. for the purposes of this problem, take the cloud to be a sphere of diameter 1.00 kilometer. the point of this problem is to estimate the maximum amount of charge that this cloud can contain, assuming that the charge builds up until the electric field at the surface of the cloud reaches the value at which the surrounding air breaks down. this breakdown means that the air becomes highly ionized, enabling it to conduct the charge from the cloud to the ground or another nearby cloud. the ionized air will then emit light due to the recombination of the electrons and atoms to form excited molecules that radiate light. in addition, the large current will heat up the air, resulting in its rapid expansion. these two phenomena account for the appearance of lightning and the sound of thunder. take the breakdown electric field of air to be eb=3.00ă—106n/c. part a estimate the total charge q on the cloud when the breakdown of the surrounding air is reached. express your answer numerically, to three significant figures, using ďµ0=8.85ă—10â’12c2/(nâ‹…m2) .

The motor m applies a time-varying force of f (200 t) n, where t is in seconds. box b with mass 200 kg starts from rest, and the coefficients of kinetic and static friction are 0.2 and us 0.3 the acceleration due to gravity is g 9.8 m/s2 b 300 a) find the time ' when the box starts to move. b) calculate the speed of the crate at 3 s c) calculate the power delivered by the motor at t 3 s