when do you use cos and sin in situations like these? is horizontal always cos and vertical always sin?

yes

Explanation:

this is simple

the horizontal line is adjacent

the vertical line is opposite

recall that cos x=adj/hyp

adj=hyp(cos x)

while opp=hyp(sin x)

explanation:

earth's surface is mainly heated by the absorption of infrared radiation from the sun.

evaporation occurs because molecules in liquid water are warmed ( usually by the sun) and vibrate quicker, becoming less dense and rise.

condensation occurs because molecules in water vapor are cooled and therefore vibrate more slowly thus becoming more dense and eventually fall to earth.

lines of equal barometric pressure on a weather map are called: isobars : lines of equal temp on a weather map are called: isotherms.​

scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.