How did russia’s withdrawl affect the german war effort?

1. the with drawl allowed germany to make great gains on the western front.
2. the with drawl inspired germany to start negotiating for peace.
3. the with drawl enabled germany to focus its efforts on the ottoman empire.
4. germany to focus its efforts on the western front.

4. Germany to focus its efforts on the Western Front.

Explanation:

Germany, on the end of the eastern front, was able to refocus all resources in crushing the western front and capturing Paris. However, they failed due to the inclusion of the US into the war, which poured hundreds of thousands of soldiers in defending France, effectively defeating the original plan of Germany, and ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.

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classical republicanism, also known as civic humanism, is a form of republicanism  developed in the renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of  classical  antiquity, especially such  classical  writers as aristotle, polybius, and cicero.

answer; i believe the correct answer is norming;