The heuristic is one in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one’s mental conceptualization of the category.

The answer is representativeness heuristic.

Explanation:

This heuristic (mental shortcut) occurs when people make an assumption of a individual case, based on other similar cases. It may lead to stereotyping, because it relies on preconceived mental images of a larger group.

The concept is often found in criminal judgements. Research has found that an angry or menacing-looking person is more likely to be found guilty, as it is the idea most people have about criminals.

answer; role- taking;

answer; rational if melanie values sleep more highly than the benefits she expects to receive from attending the class;