What do you mean by lack of transparency​

Lack of transparency can have devastating effects that sometimes leave a permanent stain on a company or brand's image. Brands cannot thrive without the public's trust. A recent case that demonstrates the negative outcomes of failing to be transparent is the emissions scandal at Volkswagen.

Explanation:

Lack of transparency can have devastating effects that sometimes leave a permanent stain on a company or brand's image. Brands cannot thrive without the public's trust. A recent case that demonstrates the negative outcomes of failing to be transparent is the emissions scandal at Volkswagen.

  b.

there are isolated pockets of farming, generally around rivers and oases, which are used for irrigation.

it should be d or b but i'm sure it's d