Which set of thinkers saw criminal acts as symptoms of underlying pathology?

Today, the a. caesar b. bishop c. pope d. tsar still heads the roman catholic church, which is centered on rome. there is no longer a byzantine emperor, but each country has its own a. governor b. patriarch c. prefect d. council to lead the eastern orthodox church there.

How did the idea of nationalism rise from the napoleon wars.

What was the cultural impact of the spanish inquisition on spain? a.spain made great cultural progress because the entire nation followed catholicism.b.spain didn't participate in the cultural developments taking place in other parts of europe.c.the inquisition brought about a single unified national language in spain.d.the spanish royalty gained popularity because of the emergence of a single religion in spain.