2.how is deviance typically labelled in the medical model? a. denial of responsibility b. victimology c. condemnation of the authorities d. malpractice or sickness

The correct answer is c.
Deviant behaviour is any behaviour which goes against any norms and rules set by the society. People characterized as deviants seem to violate norms and condemn the authorities. It is a quite complex terminology since rules and norms vary depending on cultural and societal structures.In every set, deviant behavior is condemned and disapproved by the society.

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada