Three variants of the gene encoding the beta-globin component of hemoglobin occur in the human population of the Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana, West Africa. The most frequent allele, A, occurs at frequency 0.83. The two other variants, S and C, occur at frequency of 0.04 and 0.13 respectively. Each individual has two alleles determining its genotype at the beta-globin gene. Assume that knowing the identity of one of the alleles of any individual provides no information about the identity of the second allele.

a). CC individuals, having two copies of allele C, are slightly anemic. What is the probability that a randomly sampled individual from the population has two copies of the C allele (in other words, what is the probability that the individual's first allele is C and his or her second allele is also C)?

b). What is the probability that a randomly sampled individual is a homozygote (has two copies of the same allele)?

c). Compared with AA individuals, AS and AC individuals are largely resistanct to malaria, which is endemic to the region. THey also experience fewer deleterious side effects than SS and CC individuals. What is the probability that a randomly sampled individual is AS? (Remember that if an individual can be AS by getting A from mom and S from dad or by ggetting S from mom and A from dad.)

d). What is the probability that a randomly sampled individual is AS or AC?