Dogs are inbred for such desirable characteristics as blue eye color, but an unfortunate by-product of such inbreeding can be the emergence of characteristics such as deafness. A 1992 study of Dalmatians (by Strain and others, as reported in The Dalmatians Dilemma) found the following: (i) 31% of all Dalmatians have blue eyes. (ii) 38% of all Dalmatians are deaf. (iii) If a Dalmatian has blue eyes, there is a 42% chance that it is deaf. Based on the results of this study is "having blue eyes" independent of "being deaf"(a) No, since .31 * .38 is not equal to .42.(b) No, since .38 is not equal to .42.(c) No, since .31 is not equal to .42.(d) Yes, since .31 * .38 is not equal to .42.(e) Yes, since .38 is not equal to .42.