Afiber-optic rod consists of a central strand of material surrounded by an outer coating. the interior portion of the rod has an index of refraction of 1.55. if all rays striking the interior walls of the rod with incident angles greater than 59.5° are subject to total internal reflection, what is the index of refraction of the coating?

Air is held within a frictionless piston-cylinder container, which is oriented vertically. the mass of the piston is 0.45 kg and the cross-sectional area is 0.0030 m2. initially (state 1) the pressure of the gas is sufficient to support the weight of the piston as well as the force exerted by the atmospheric pressure ( 101.32 kpa). the volume occupied by the air within the cylinder in state 1 is 1.00 liter. one end of a spring (with spring constant k = 1000 n/m) is attached to the top of the piston, while the other end of the spring is attached to a stage that can move vertically. initially the spring is undeflected and therefore exerts no force. then the stage is then moved quasistatically downward a distance of 10.0 cm, at which point the system reaches state 2. the piston-cylinder is not insulated; rather it remains in diathermal contact with the surroundings, which are at a constant temperature of 300 k. what is the change of pressure within the container?

Agas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series: process 12: compression with pv= constant from 1 bar and 1 liter to 4 bar. process 23: constant pressure expansion to 1 liter. process 31: constant volume calculate the pressure and volume at each state, and sketch the processes on a p-vdiagram labeled with pressure and volume values at each numbered stat

Awalk up the phase change graph worksheet